Helen Gould, Army Supporter
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You don’t have to be a soldier to help the war effort, and Helen Shepard proved that when she gave $100,000 to the United States government during the Spanish-American war. In addition, she gave $50,000 toward military hospital supplies and also aided wounded soldiers by becoming a member of the Women's National War Relief Association. When the war ended, she still found places that needed her aide and so put her efforts towards education. She gave the government another $10,000 to construct an engineering school, and gave additional contributions to Rutgers College. She also donated a library building at the New York University, and was active in the YMCA and YWCA programs.
Bain News Service
Helen Miller Shepard <br /><br />Source: Helen Miller Shepard. (2012, March 30). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Miller_Shepard&oldid=484770217">http://bit.ly/TZo5Ww</a>
Library of Congress
22 January 1913
Library of Congress
Library of Congress
Link: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ggbain.09254/">Library of Congress</a>
Medium: Photograph
English
Figures
Women
Historic
Millicent (Wilson) Hearts, Philanthropist
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Millicent Hearst (1882 - 1974) is best known for founding the Free Milk Fund for Babies in 1921. For decades, it helped provide milk to the poor people of New York City, raising money through a variety of activities, such as boxing matches. However, Hearst did not stop there. Her social activism earned her the position of Chairman of the Mayor’s Committee of Women on National Defense, which sponsored events and rallies. In addition to serving on wartime committees, she went on to host a multitude of fundraisers for causes such as crippled children and the New York Journal Christmas Fund. Eleanor Roosevelt joined her at many of these charitable functions during the Great Depression.
J.E. Purdy
Photograph of Millicent Hearst, a philanthropist who held charitable fund raisers for several different causes, including crippled children and unemployed girls. <br /><br />Source: Millicent Hearst. (n.d.). Hearst Castle. Retrieved October 12, 2012, from <a href="http://hearstcastle.org/history-behind-hearst-castle/historic-people/profiles/millicent-hearst/">http://bit.ly/SWBNcP</a> <br /><br />For Further Exploration Please Visit <a href="http://bit.ly/UQkj3g">http://bit.ly/UQkj3g</a>
Library of Congress
1906
J.E. Purdy
Library of Congress
Link: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004671636/">Library of Congress</a>
Photograph
English
Figures
Women
Historic
V-Mail During World War II
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In both world wars, letter writing was a popular means of improving the morale of troops overseas. During the latter years of World War II, V-mail became a popular and inexpensive way of communicating with loved ones. V-mail letter forms could be purchased inexpensively at stores or post offices.
Completed forms were then photographed, put on film, flown overseas, reproduced at mail centers and delivered to the recipients. This 1942 poster produced by the Government Printing Office promotes the usage of V-mail as being reliable, fast and patriotic.
Office of War Information domestic photographic units
LOC & University of North Texas<br /><br />Source: Library of Congress Catalog No. 93511448 Source: Library of Congress, <a href="http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/homefront/gallery.html">"On the Home Front. America During World War I & II"</a>.
Library of Congress
Circa 1942
Office of War Information domestic photographic units
Library of Congress
See also <a href="https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/v-mail.pdf">United States Postal Service</a> July 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2015.<br /><br />Link to <a href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibitions/victory-mail">Smithsonian National Postal Museum V-Mail Exhibit</a>
Poster
English
Artwork
Postal
War Mail
Jeannette Rankin, First Woman in the United States Congress
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Jeannette Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) is often remembered primarily for being the first woman elected into the U.S. Congress. However, her work in public service and social activism far transcended her two terms in the House of Representatives, beginning with a career in social work in an earthquake-torn San Francisco of the early 20th century, and coming to a close with the organizing of a mass 1968 anti-war protest in Washington D.C. at the age of eighty-seven. The events of her life stand as an inspiration for all those devoted to the fulfilment of justice and peace in the public sphere.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Born to a large family in Missoula, Montana in 1880, Rankin quickly became familiar with both the plight of woman, who were expected to work just as hard as men in the private sphere but to remain silent in the public one, and industrial workers, who were subject to intolerable working conditions and granted pittances for their labor. Fittingly then, throughout her twenties, Rankin began forming connections to the burgeoning women’s suffrage movement in America, and took up a position as a social worker for the economically underprivileged, both in California and Washington. Working closely with the poor, Rankin developed a critique of the American state’s willingness to leave these people behind, of the government’s failure to create a social safety net for its population.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The onset of World War I in Europe would add new dimensions to Rankin’s political consciousness. Becoming a founder of the Women’s Peace Party in 1914, she began to consider pacifism as essential to the success of both the women's and labor's movements. The connections that she made with Montana residents throughout this period of organization building would enable Rankin to launch a viable campaign for a Congress seat in the election season of 1916. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Running as a Republican (before the ideologies of the Democratic and Republican parties had switched to their current configurations), her campaign slogan read: “national woman suffrage, protection of childhood, state and national prohibition.” The inclusion of children’s rights in this list of goals, reveals the maternalistic characteristics of the First Wave feminism that Rankin subscribed to. Rankin believed that women had some inherent maternal instinct that was easily translatable into qualities such as non-violence, morality and intuition, and which American politics was desperately in need of. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">As Montana women had been granted the right to vote two years earlier, in 1914, they became integral to the success of Rankin’s Congressional campaign. This was apparent in the magnitude of correspondence that Rankin received from female citizens in the aftermath of the vote, celebrating her victory and, oftentimes, confiding in her. Feeling hopeful that a woman in office would finally allow their unique plights to be addressed, these women wrote to Rankin about domestic abuse, lack of economic autonomy, child mortality, and so on. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Once in office, Rankin’s pacifist politics would be put to the test almost immediately. As fate would have it, President Woodrow Wilson would call for the United States’ entry into WWI on the very day that Rankin took her Congressional seat. Stating that “I want to stand by my country… but I cannot vote for war,” Rankin joined forty-nine other members of Congress in rejecting the proposal. She felt strongly that this kind of economic commitment would further hinder the state’s ability to protect those American citizens already living in dire precarity. When it became clear though that she was part of the minority, and that war was imminent, she did what she could to lessen the harmful impacts of the violence. She worked to support the endeavors of the American Red Cross, and fought for the improvement of conditions within the military camps. Despite making these important efforts to aid soldiers, many of Rankin’s colleagues had already stereotyped her as weak or ineffective. Her position against war was taken by many male politicians as proof that women were not able to take necessary action to protect the country or its allies.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Rankin’s vote against WWI was only the first deed in a string of many that would be considered scandalous by these more conservative Congress members. Rankin’s devotion to suffrage drove her committed involvement in the passage of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. This Amendment would eventually evolve into the 19th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which grants American women the right to vote. And, after the tragic death of 168 miners in Butte, Montana, Rankin stunned the floor of the House when she criticized the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, and called on the U.S. government to nationalize metal mines. As a pacifist, suffragist, and an enemy of abusive capitalists, a major target was placed on her back, and Rankin failed to secure another term in the following election cycle. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Rankin was unable to make her way back into office until 1939, when again the threat of America’s entrance into a world war loomed large. This time though, the uniqueness of Rankin’s political agenda within the context of Congress, became glaringly apparent. When the vote to join the Allies in their European war effort came to the House floor, Rankin was the only member to vote against. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The isolation she felt in formal American politics might help to explain why she devoted herself fully to activist politics after her second term in Congress came to an end. She developed working relationships with other feminists and labor activists like Margaret Sanger and Mary Van Kleeck, and, importantly, came to see supporting the growing Civil Rights and Black Power movements as part and parcel of her anti-war, and feminist politics. Simultaneously, Rankin was developing a more fervent critique of American foreign policy, studying the ways in which America had historically taken on an imperialistic role in its relationships with Africa and South America, and becoming an advocate for liberation movements in these regions. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">With this political platform, Rankin (already in her eighties) helped to found the Jeannette Rankin Brigade in 1967. The Brigade was a feminist organization that hoped to build a Popular Front, or coalition, of women’s peace groups. For these women, the kind of positive peace they were advocating for, meant far more than states avoiding war. Positive peace meant quelling U.S. aggressive intervention abroad while working actively to better the conditions of life domestically. It meant redirecting funds directed toward bloodshed to guaranteeing economic support, racial justice, and gender equality at home. The women within the Brigade came from a wide spectrum of ideological backgrounds, but crucially, the organization offered a space for previous Communist Party members who had been pushed out of the realm of organizing by Mccarthy-era hostility. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">For their entry into the political scene, the Jeannette Rankin Brigade organized a march on Washington D.C. in protest of the Vietnam War for January, 1968. Over 5,000 women from around the country, dressed in black (to signify the amount of life lost in the war), touted a banner reading “End the War in Vietnam and the Social Crisis at Home.” With this, they clearly articulated the intricate links between aggressive foreign policy and domestic inequality, racism, political censorship, and so on. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">By ceaselessly fighting against forms of abuse, occurring both domestically and internationally, Jeannette Rankin proved herself to be a lifelong servant of the public interest. Although she was not always successful, her path opened up new political possibilities, and allowed the boundaries of the status quo to be broadened in the name of equality.</span></p>
<br /><strong>Sources:</strong><br /><p><span style="font-weight:400;">Castledine, Jacqueline. </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Cold War Progressives: Women's Interracial Organizing for Peace and Freedom</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. United States: University of Illinois Press, 2012.</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight:400;">History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives,</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> Office of the Historian, </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007.</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008. “Party Realignment And The New Deal,” </span><a href="https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Keeping-the-Faith/Party-Realignment--New-Deal/"><span style="font-weight:400;">https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Keeping-the-Faith/Party-Realignment--New-Deal/</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;"> (February 15, 2021)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">“Jeannette Rankin." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Suffragists Oral History Project</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. Accessed August 22, 2016. </span><a href="http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt758005dx"><span style="font-weight:400;">http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt758005dx</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;">.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Murphy, Mary. "When Jeannette Said "No": Montana Women's Response to World War I." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Montana: The Magazine of Western History</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 65, no. 1 (2015): 3-94. Accessed February 15, 2021. </span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24420046"><span style="font-weight:400;">http://www.jstor.org/stable/24420046</span></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:400;">Simon, Barbara Levy. "Women of conscience: Jeannette Rankin and Barbara Lee." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Affilia</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 17, no. 3 (2002): 384-388</span></p>
<strong><br />Further Reading: </strong> <br /><br />Michelle Moravec, “Another Mother for Peace: Reconsidering Maternalist Peace Rhetoric from a Historical Perspective 1967-2007,” Journal of Motherhood Initiative 1, no. 1 (2010). <br /><br />Lewis, Tiffany. “Democracy and Government: A Critical Edition of Jeannette Rankin’s 1917 Address at Carnegie Hall.” Advances in the history of rhetoric 20, no. 1 (2017): 47–56. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15362426.2016.1269137. <br /><br />Bennett, Scott H., and Charles F. Howlett. Antiwar Dissent and Peace Activism in World War I America : a Documentary Reader Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014.<br /><br />Link: <a href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/CDGA.M-R/Rankin.html">Swarthmore College</a>
Benjamin O. Davis Sr., 1st. African American General in the Regular Army & U.S. Armed Forces
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<strong>"My own opinion was that blacks could best overcome racist attitudes through achievements, even though those achievements had to take place within the hateful environment of segregation."</strong> By Brigadier General Benjamin Oliver Davis Sr. <br /><br />Benjamin Oliver Davis, Sr., was born in Washington, D.C., on July 1, 1877. He entered the military service on July 13, 1898, during the War with Spain as a temporary first lieutenant of the 8th United States Volunteer Infantry. He was mustered out on March 6, 1899, and on June 18, 1899, he enlisted as a private in Troop I, 9th Cavalry, of the Regular Army. He then served as corporal and squadron sergeant major, and on February 2, 1901, he was commissioned a second lieutenant of Cavalry in the Regular Army. <br /><br />He was promoted to first lieutenant on March 30, 1905; to captain on December 24, 1915; to major (temporary) on August 5, 1917; and to lieutenant colonel (temporary) on May 1, 1918. He reverted to his permanent rank of captain on October 14, 1919, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on July 1, 1920; to colonel on February 18, 1930; to brigadier general (temporary) on October 25, 1940. He was retired on July 31, 1941, and recalled to active duty with the rank of brigadier general the following day. <br /><br />General Davis' U.S. military decorations consisted of the Bronze Star Medal and the Distinguished Service Medal (DSM). His DSM medal, awarded by General Order 10, dated 22 February 1945, stated that General Benjamin O. Davis was awarded the DSM "for exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility from June 1941 to November 1944. The War Department release issued about General Davis' DSM on February 11, 1945 included the following citation: <br /><br /><em>For exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility from June, 1941, to November, 1944, as an Inspector of troop units in the field, and as special War Department consultant on matters pertaining to Negro troops. The initiative, intelligence and sympathetic understanding displayed by him in conducting countless investigations concerning individual soldiers, troop units and other components of the War Department brought about a fair and equitable solution to many important problems which have since become the basis of far-reaching War Department policy. His wise advice and counsel have made a direct contribution to the maintenance of soldier morale and troop discipline and has been of material assistance to the War Department and to responsible commanders in the field of understanding personnel matters as they pertain to the individual soldier.</em> <br /><br />Additionally, General Davis was awarded an Honorary Degree of LL.D. from Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia. His foreign awards and honors consisted of the Croix de Guerre with Palm from France and the Grade of Commander of the Order of the Star of Africa from Liberia.
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamindavis.jpg
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
No date given
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
In January 1997 the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in their Black Heritage Stamp series to honor the service and contributions of Brigadier General Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. <br /><br />Source: <a href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/afam/davis.html">The U.S. Army Center of Military History </a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_O._Davis_Sr.">Wikipedia</a>
Medium: Photograph,
Medium: Postage Stamp
English
Figures
African-Americans, Benjamin O. Davis Sr., General, Military Service, War
Historic
U.S. Army Recruitment Poster
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"A war recruitment poster of ‘Uncle Sam’ pointing out and imploring others to join the US army.
The famous war recruitment poster that is well known-today is usually thought of as a made-up man used as a symbol for patriotism. However, Uncle Sam was based on a real-life individual, Sam Wilson, a New York meat packer. Nicknamed Uncle Sam by his coworkers, James Flagg used his name and face as a template for the poster.
The poster also combined parts of Flagg’s face, and a pose used by veteran Walter Botts. It was used in both World Wars, and is still an iconic image today."
James Montgomery Flagg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Unclesamwantyou.jpg
Library of Congress
1917
Library of Congress
Source: Uncle sam. (2011, January 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 3, 2012, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam</a>
See also: <a href="https://hdsouth.org/">Gilbert Historical Museum</a>
Medium: Poster
English
Artwork
Military Service, Recruitment, U.S. Army, War
United States
We Can Do It!
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"An American propaganda poster from 1943 produced to inspire worker confidence.
In 1942, Pittsburgh artist J. Howard Miller was hired by the Westinghouse Company's War Production Coordinating Committee to create a series of posters for the war effort. One of these posters became the famous ""We Can Do It!"" image—an image that in later years would also be called ""Rosie the Riveter"", though it was never given this title during the war. Miller based his ""We Can Do It!"" poster on a United Press International wire service photograph taken of Ann Arbor, Michigan, factory worker Geraldine Hoff (later Doyle), who was 17 and briefly working as a metal-stamping machine operator. The intent of the poster was to keep production up by boosting morale, not to recruit more women workers."
J. Howard Miller
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/We_Can_Do_It%21_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg/800px-We_Can_Do_It%21_NARA_535413_-_Restoration_2.jpg
National Museum of American History
1942
J. Howard Miller
An American propaganda poster from 1943 produced to inspire worker confidence. Source: Rosie the Riveter. (2012, September 24). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:46, October 4, 2012, from <a href="http://bit.ly/WqqXdk">http://bit.ly/WqqXdk</a>.<br /><br />For Further Exploration Please Visit <a href="http://bit.ly/WqqXdk">http://bit.ly/WqqXdk</a>
Link: Rosie the Riveter (via Wikipedia) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter</a>
Medium: Poster.
English
Artwork
Propaganda, Rosie the Riveter, War, Women
United States
Merry Christmas to G.I. Joe
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"In this 1968 poster by Carl Hubenthal, an American soldier ""G.I. Joe,"" is sitting in a jungle setting, with a recently unwrapped child's jack-in-the-box toy that closely resembles Bob Hope holding a microphone. On the outside of the box is a gift tag declaring, ""Merry Christmas to G.I. Joe.""
Hope performed his first United Service Organizations (USO) show on May 6, 1941, at March Field, California. He continued to travel and entertain troops for the rest of World War II[20] and later during the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the third phase of the Lebanon Civil War, the latter years of the Iran–Iraq War, and the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War."
Carl Hubenthal
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/images/s156b.jpg
Library of Congress
1968
Carl Hubenthal
Source: Bob Hope. (2012, October 3). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:39, October 4, 2012, from <a href="http://bit.ly/R11T9g">http://bit.ly/R11T9g</a>.<br /><br />For further exploration please visit <a href="http://bit.ly/R11T9g">http://bit.ly/R11T9g</a>
Link: Library of Congress <a href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/images/s156b.jpg">http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/images/s156b.jpg</a>
Medium: Oil on Canvas.
English
Artwork
Bob Hope, Christmas, G.I. Joe, War
United States
Keep Us Flying! Buy U.S. War Bonds
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"If anyone, then, asks me the meaning of our flag, I say to him—it means just what Concord and Lexington meant; what Bunker Hill meant; which was, in short, the rising up of a valiant young people against an old tyranny to establish the most momentous doctrine that the world had ever known—the right of men to their own selves and to their liberties.
Henry Ward Beecher
War Bonds played a crucial role in financing World War II. They were issued by the government with intentions of generating capital to fund the war and made civilians feel involved in their national militaries. In this propaganda poster, Tuskegee Airmen offer encouragement to purchase them and help the cause.
The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African American military aviators in the United States armed forces. During World War II, African Americans in many U.S. states still were subject to the Jim Crow laws. The American military was racially segregated, as was much of the federal government. The Tuskegee Airmen were subject to racial discrimination, both within and outside the army. Despite these adversities, they trained and flew with distinction."
United States Department of Treasury
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Tuskegee_airman_poster.jpg
United States Department of Treasury
1943
United States Department of Treasury
Source: Tuskegee Airmen. (2012, October 2). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:32, October 4, 2012, from <a href="http://bit.ly/UHA9Hz">http://bit.ly/UHA9Hz</a>. <br /><br />For further exploration please visit <a href="http://bit.ly/UHA9Hz">http://bit.ly/UHA9Hz</a>
Link: Keep Us Flying! Buy War Bonds <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuskegee_airman_poster.jpg">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuskegee_airman_poster.jpg</a>
Medium: Lithograph.
English
Artwork
Propaganda, War, War Bonds
United States
A Well Fed Nation is a Fighting Nation - World War II Public Health Initiative
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Charles Alston, an African-American artist and educator, created this drawing in 1943. It shows a strong, healthy family (man, woman, and two children) looking off into the distance. Behind them, we can see rows of soldiers. The caption reads, " A Well Fed Nation is a Fighting Nation." This drawing was meant to emphasize the link between patriotism and healthy eating habits.
In 1943, during World War II, it became imperative that soldiers and civilians alike stayed healthy. There was a correlation between good nutrition and citizenship. In many ways, healthy eating was considered to be a contribution to the war effort.
Charles Henry Alston
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/%22A_WELL_FED_NATION_IS_A_FIGHTING_NATION%22_-_NARA_-_535602.jpg
National Archives at College Park
1943
Charles Henry Alston
For Further Exploration Please Visit <a href="http://bit.ly/QUs7xi">http://bit.ly/QUs7xi</a>
Link: <a href="https://nara.getarchive.net/media/a-well-fed-nation-is-a-fighting-nation-269a3b">The National Archives</a>
Medium: Drawing.
English
Artwork
African-Americans, Charles Alston, Eating, Health, War, World War II
United States