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<h3><strong>Serving the Public in Elected Office (A-5)</strong></h3>
Description
An account of the resource
<p><em><strong>“What made you choose this career is what made me go into politics – a chance to serve, to make a difference. It is not just a job. It is a vocation.” </strong></em><br /> <br />-Tony Blair</p>
<p> <br />Elected officials are political leaders at the federal, state and local levels of government. They include presidents, prime ministers, congressmen and congresswomen, governors, legislators, mayors and county executives. In North America, for example, there are also elected tribal leaders- chiefs, who are recognized by the federal government. The term of office for elected officials varies from two to six years. In most cases elected officials can be re-elected for more than one term. There is usually no limit on the number of terms officials elected to congress can serve. The Presidents of the United States, however, can serve in office for a maximum of two four year terms.<br /> <br />Elected officials bear the responsibility as citizens’ representatives, to fulfill their promise of public service and of protecting the publics’ trust. The media pays a lot of attention to elected officials to ensure that they live up to the electorate’s expectations. The public expects that their service will not be motivated by personal career and financial aspirations, but rather by an intrinsic desire to contribute to the common good. For this reason, the service of elected officials is regarded as a vocation, or “calling” inspired by an interest in public policy, compassion for others, and commitment to servicing others more so than for personal gain. In a democracy people from all walks of life who hear the ‘calling’ to public service can campaign to become elected officials to serve in government. Their families often share in their commitment to public service and traditionally take on missions of their own, with some becoming celebrated for the contributions they make to their communities and beyond. United States First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt (1933-45), for example, successfully led the formulation of the United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948) in the immediate post World War 2 period. This international agreement declares the right to life for all people, with rights to privacy, nationality, safety and security, fair trial, freedom of thought and expression, education, assembly and property.</p>
<p><strong><em>First U.S. Senators</em></strong></p>
<p>This featured exhibit presents the first U.S. Senators from different minority groups across the US diverse population. </p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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The Life and Public Services of Hon. Abraham Lincoln
Subject
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<h4><a href="https://vmps.omeka.net/exhibits/show/public-servant-elected/public-servant-elected">Return to Elected Office</a></h4>
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>"The probability that we may fail in the struggle ought not to deter us from the support of a cause we believe to be just."</strong> - Abraham Lincoln <br /><br />This is one of several hurriedly prepared campaign biographies of Lincoln, who was not widely known when he became the Republican presidential candidate in May 1860. This 150-page version was later supplemented with a brief biography of Lincoln's running mate, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, and a selection of Lincoln's speeches to create a longer 354-page version.
Creator
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D.W. Bartlett
Date
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1860
Source
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For Further Exploration Please Visit <a href="https://historical.ha.com/itm/political/small-paper-pre-1896-/abraham-lincoln-1860-campaign-biography-in-pictorial-wraps/a/6187-43181.s">https://historical.ha.com/itm/political/small-paper-pre-1896-/abraham-lincoln-1860-campaign-biography-in-pictorial-wraps/a/6187-43181.s</a>
Relation
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<a href="https://archive.org/details/lifepublicservic11bart/page/n9">Internet Archive</a>
Rights
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Heritage Auctions
Publisher
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Heritage Auctions
Contributor
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D.W. Bartlett
Format
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Primary Document
Language
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English
Type
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Document
Identifier
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Elected Office
Coverage
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Historic
1860
Abraham Lincoln
Biography
Campaign
Lincoln
Presidents
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3e382045b10eb278f774c21644847628
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>Memorial </strong><br /><br />Lincoln Memorial - Harris & Ewing Collection (US Library of Congress). Source: Library of of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
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ac340efe60f776b31c9f5474c554d400
Dublin Core
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Title
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<h3><strong>Civic Architecture and Public Works (A-1)</strong></h3>
Description
An account of the resource
<p><em><strong>"What vast additions to the conveniences and comforts of living might mankind have acquired, if the money spent in wars had been employed in works of public utility; what an extension of agriculture even to the tops of our mountains; what rivers rendered navigable, or joined by canals; what bridges, aqueducts, new roads, and other public works, edifices, and improvements might not have been obtained by spending those millions in doing good, which in the last war have been spent in doing mischief." </strong></em>- Benjamin Franklin</p>
<p>“Public works” entails a broad array of improvement projects, inlcuding development and maintenance of public utilities, bridges and roadways, parks, airports, municipal buildings, communication networks, and many other physical and virtual assets. <br /><br />These are essential to the conduct of society, as many of the forces that impact our lives on a day-to-day basis are impacted by public works. However, these services and infrastructure are so often used that they blend into the background fabric of life, and individuals may not recognize the centrality of the public sector in the provision of these necessities.<br /><br />Public works professionals include laborers, technicians, craftsmen, engineers, and administrators. During the Great Depression, public works provided jobs and a morale boost for Americans, while helping build many key structures and facilities still vital to the country’s modern infrastructure.</p>
Civic architecture defines public institutions and venues as focal points in the landscape of cities, towns and villages. In your mind, picture a city hall, a bandshell, a hospital, a library, a memorial or monument. Envision your favorite parks, schools and universities. These institutions and sites are sources of great community pride, in part due to their architectural magnificence. <br /><br />In many cases, civic architecture is designed to ensure that public venues can accommodate large numbers of the public, to facilitate meaningful interaction between the public and with government. Public venues also serve an important local economic purpose by supporting cultural entertainment, festivals, farmer’s markets, and small business and entrepreneurial activities.<br /><br />The items in the <em>Civic Architecture and Public Works </em>gallery illuminate the presence of public service in our daily activities as well as less signficant moments, both individual and societal. As you review these items, we invite you to consider how the places you frequent and the infrastructure you use is possible because of the public sector.
Physical Object
An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types.
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<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The Lincoln Memorial was one outcome of the 1901 Senate Park Commission, which sought to reimagine Washington D.C.’s National Mall as a grand display of neoclassical architecture. Through taking classical European architectural themes (white marble, open-air porticos, and pillars) as their prototype, these designers and architects were attempting to evoke an idealistic image of ancient Grecian social and political norms. Abraham Lincoln was seen by many in the early 20th century to be the quintessential American embodiment of these principles. “As early as the 1880s, memories of the terrible Civil War had begun to shed their goriness and particularly to assume the form of a national epic,” and within this epic, there was no hero larger than Lincoln. As such, the members of the Senate Park Commission drafted a series of potential memorials to the 16th U.S. President in the first decade of the 20th century. It was not though until 1911, when a sufficient amount of bipartisan agreement was attained, that the plan was able to take off in earnest. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Under President William Howard Taft, a Lincoln Memorial Commission was established, and it swiftly commissioned architect Henry Bacon to head the project. Born in 1866, Bacon was already well known for his Greek Revivalist style, demonstrated by his work on the 1889 Paris World Expo, the Boston Public Library, New York’s Pennsylvania Station, and so on. Taking the ancient Athenian Parthenon as his main inspiration, Bacon drafted a “temple-like hall,” closed by thirty-eight Doric columns, within which a large statue of Lincoln and engravings of both his Gettysburg Address and second inaugural address would be held. The marble for the monument was transported all the way from Colorado’s stone quarries and, once this difficult process had commenced, building was able to begin in the spring of 1914. When the dust settled on the construction site in 1918, the price of the project rang in at over $2,000,000. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Immediately, the site became an enduring testament to the large role an individual devoted to the common good and public service can achieve. However, at the same time, it became clear that Lincoln’s memorialization could not ensure that all of his ideals would too be cast in stone. Despite the steps Lincoln took toward American racial equality throughout the Civil War period, President Harding took the memorial’s dedication ceremony as a chance to eerily assert that “the supreme chapter in American history is [union,] not emancipation” (the granting of previously enslaved African Americans full and equal citizenship rights). </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Unsurprisingly then, the twentieth century would see the memorial become a vivid site of political contestation. Civil rights activists in the late 1930s, relying on Lincoln’s generally-accepted status as a promoter of democratic ideals and liberal equality, began to imagine the memorial as a fitting space within which to amplify the continued fight for racial and economic justice. In 1939 the memorial, for the first time, became the center of a mass civil rights demonstration after the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused to book the African-American opera singer Marian Anderson for a performance at Constitution Hall in Washington. Organizations like the NAACP saw incidents like this one as means to expose the significant “dissonance between the ideals Lincoln represented...and the reality of their lived experience,” as the abuses of American segregation continued.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">By the 1960s, these tensions were still glaringly apparent. As Dr. Martin Luther King gave his famous “I have a Dream” speech from the steps of the memorial in August of 1963, these words from Lincoln’s second inaugural address stood, engraved, above him: “It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God’s assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men’s faces.” However, as Dr. King revealed, the forms of slavery that Lincoln had worked to do away with, had simply been transformed in the context of Jim Crow segregation, not eradicated. “One hundred years later,” he explains “the life of the Negro is still sadly cripped by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.” Nearly sixty years after Dr. King’s speech, protestors have again taken to the site to express continued inequality in the United States in the aftermath of the killing of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police officer in 2020. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">A key tenant of public service is to render the public sphere more equitable and </span><span style="font-weight:400;">accessible to </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">all</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. Lincoln’s legacy, embodied in the Lincoln Memorial, allows us to consider and to debate over the ways in which various public servants have historically contributed to this project, while also reminding us that there is always more work to be done. <br /><br /><br /><strong>Sources:</strong><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Thomas, Christopher A. "The Marble of the Lincoln Memorial: "Whitest, Prettiest, and ... Best"." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Washington History</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 5, no. 2 (1993): 42-63. Accessed February 5, 2021. </span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40073208"><span style="font-weight:400;">http://www.jstor.org/stable/40073208</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;">.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Schwartz, Barry. "Collective Memory and History: How Abraham Lincoln Became a Symbol of Racial Equality." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Sociological Quarterly</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 38, no. 3 (1997): 469-96. Accessed February 5, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4121155.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Sandage, Scott A. “A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939-1963.” The Journal of American History, vol. 80, no. 1, 1993, pp. 135–167. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2079700. Accessed 5 Feb. 2021.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Eberly, Keith R. ""To Thee We Sing": Racial Politics and the Lincoln Memorial." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">OAH Magazine of History</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 23, no. 1 (2009): 55-58. Accessed February 5, 2021. http://www.jstor.org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/25164895.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">“‘I Have A Dream’ Speech, In Its Entirety.” NPR, January 18, 2010, </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2010/01/18/122701268/i-have-a-dream-speech-in-its-entirety"><span style="font-weight:400;">https://www.npr.org/2010/01/18/122701268/i-have-a-dream-speech-in-its-entirety</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;">. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Nichols, Mackenzie. “Protestors Gather on Lincoln Memorial Steps to Support Black Lives Matter.” Variety Magazine, June 6th, 2020, </span><a href="https://variety.com/2020/scene/news/lincoln-memorial-protest-black-lives-matter-george-floyd-1234626998/"><span style="font-weight:400;">https://variety.com/2020/scene/news/lincoln-memorial-protest-black-lives-matter-george-floyd-1234626998/</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;">. </span></p>
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<strong>Further Reading:</strong><br /><i><span style="font-weight:400;"><br />Lincoln Memorial: The Story and Design of an American Monument</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"><span style="font-weight:400;"> by Jay Sacher<br /></span></span><br /><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Lincoln Memorial and American</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> Life by Christopher Thomas<br /></span><br /><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">by Barry Schwartz</span><br /><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Lincoln and the Radicals</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> by T. Harry Williams</span><br /><p><span style="font-weight:400;"></span></p>
Creator
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Henry Bacon (Architect) & Daniel Chester French (Sculptor)
Date
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Lincoln Statue Unveiling: 1920.
Memorial Construction: 1914-1918. Photograph taken in 1923.
Source
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Wikimedia
Rights
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Source: <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="http://www.nps.gov/linc/learn/historyculture/lincoln-memorial-design-individuals.htm"><strong>National Parks Service</strong></a></span>
Title
A name given to the resource
The Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln
Public Architecture
Washington D.C.