Battle Hymn Of The Republic
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<p><strong><em>Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His truth is marching on.</em></strong></p>
<p><em>Mrs. Julia Ward Howe</em></p>
<p>A song sheet to play the Battle Hymn Of The Republic.</p>
One of the most popular and patriotic songs in the U.S. history actually went through several changes before it was known as it is today. The tune was written around 1856 by William Steffe, and was spread over the U.S. by word of mouth. It was originally about John Brown, the famed abolitionist, but when it was playing during a review, a companion of Howe’s gave her the suggestion to rewrite the lyrics for the war effort. With an extra ‘Glory!’ and a sixth lyric that is often omitted, the song is played today during both Republican and Democratic conventions and during the inauguration of the President.
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe
http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/images/battlehymn-1.jpg
Library of Congress
Unknown
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe
For Further Exploration Please Visit <a href="http://bit.ly/QAlVZb">http://bit.ly/QAlVZb</a>
Link: <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200000003/"></a><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200000003/">https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200000003/</a>
Medium: Illustration. <br /><br /><br /><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200000003/"></a>
English
Music
Music. Abolition. John Brown. Republic. United States. Civil War.
United States
1881- Clara Barton, Founder of the American Red Cross
<p><strong><em>Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but rather cultural diversity brings a collective strength that can benefit all of humanity.</em></strong></p>
<p><em>Robert Alan Silverstein<br /><br /></em></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Clara Barton was born on Christmas day in 1821, in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Barton’s father was a notable representative in the state legislature, as well as a humanitarian and businessman, and her mother was said to be a distant parent. From an early age, Barton found joy in helping others. This translated into the various public service careers she held throughout her life. Moreover, she was raised in a fervently abolitionist household, which would have a massive influence on the trajectory of her life. </span><em></em></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">In the mid-19th century, there were few professions available to American women, such as teaching and nursing. Consequently, Barton began her career as a teacher in Massachusetts, eventually moving to New Jersey to continue this work. She was a very successful teacher, with a very unusual style of pedagogy for the time. Unlike most of the teachers of this period, Barton refused to use corporal punishment to discipline her students. This success allowed her to establish the first public school in the town of Bordentown, New Jersey. Believing that she would head the school, however, Barton left when a man was hired to serve as its principal instead. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Upon leaving this position, Barton moved to Washington, D.C. to look for new work. In D.C, Barton took a job as a clerk in the U.S. Patent Office, thus becoming the first female clerk in the federal government. She worked for the Patent Office, copying classified papers. She later resigned because she was strongly opposed to slavery, unlike then-President James Buchanan. Her views on slavery caused her to be considered “too controversial” to work in the United States government. She returned to Massachusetts for a brief while, before being called back to D.C. in 1860, after the election of President Abraham Lincoln.</span><em></em></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">With the onset of the Civil War, Barton decided that she must change her path again. Women who were passionate about the war effort, could really only involve themselves through jobs such as nursing, or cooking. Barton decided that she would put herself to use as a Union Army nurse. She began by using her personal apartment to take care of wounded soldiers. These soldiers occupied the majority of her living space, with the exception of a small space portioned off with a sheet, which served as her bedroom (Scott 2001). Many of these soldiers had been previous students of hers. Eventually, Barton’s nursing work went beyond the space of her apartment. She served in many prominent battles as a nurse for the Union Army. These included the Battle of Antietam in September of 1862, now known as the bloodiest day in America’s military history. As a result of her efforts as a nurse during the Civil War, she earned the nickname “Angel of the battlefield” (Strickler 2018).</span><em></em></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">After serving as a war nurse, Barton operated an office that aided in finding missing soldiers. Thousands of soldiers who died in the Civil War were buried in unmarked graves, which resulted in the War Department receiving thousands of letters from relatives inquiring about the whereabouts of their loved ones. However, these letters were not answered because the War Department did not know the location of these missing soldiers. Barton saw this as a “great injustice that men had been called by their Government, patriotically given up by their families, and then no response made to the inquiry as to what it had done with them” (Harper 1912). Barton took it upon herself to begin “The Search for the Missing Men”. Barton went directly to President Lincoln, and he authorized her request, announcing to the United States that any letters regarding missing soldiers should be addressed to Clara Barton. After Lincoln’s authorization, she continued looking for missing soldiers for three years. After having been given a $15,000 grant from Congress, Barton was able to locate 22,000 men as of 1868 (Scott 2001).</span><em></em></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Despite the obvious variety of her achievements, Barton is most well known today for founding the American Red Cross, which continues to be active throughout the country. After the Civil War, Barton traveled to Europe and helped to care for wounded soldiers during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. It was here that she first saw the International Red Cross at work. Barton then set out to organize an American chapter of the Red Cross. However, this was dependent on the U.S.’s ratification of the Geneva convention; this ratification would allow the American Red Cross to be recognized as an official arm of the international Red Cross (Strickler 2018). Finally, in 1900, the Red Cross was officially recognized by the United States federal government. </span><em></em></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The American Red Cross originally started with just around a dozen doctors and nurses that Barton personally knew. One of the first large-scale relief efforts during the early days of the Red Cross took place in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, on May 31, 1889. The city was flooded with twenty million tons of water, leaving 37,000 people either missing or dead. Barton and her team came to the rescue providing food, clothing, and other necessary supplies to the citizens of Johnstown (Jones 2011). Barton held her position as president of the American Red Cross for 23 years, beginning at the age of 60.<br /></span><span style="font-weight:400;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight:400;">By the time Barton passed away on April 12, 1912, she was well known by most Americans. Today, the American Red Cross continues to help Americans during times of need. They continue to provide shelter and food during emergencies, as well as organize blood drives.</span></p>
<p><strong><br />Sources:<br /><br /></strong><span style="font-weight:400;">"Clara Barton." In </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Contemporary Heroes and Heroines</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. Vol. 2. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1992. </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Gale In Context: Biography</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> (accessed June 23, 2021). </span><a href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1607000021/BIC?u=mlin_b_suffuniv&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=48b896d5"><span style="font-weight:400;">https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1607000021/BIC?u=mlin_b_suffuniv&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=48b896d5</span></a><span style="font-weight:400;">.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">“Clara Barton.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/clara-barton. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">“Clara Barton Missing Soldiers Office Museum.” Clara Barton Museum, April 2, 2020. https://www.clarabartonmuseum.org/. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Harper, Ida Husted. “The Life and Work of Clara Barton” </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The North American Review</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 195, no. 678 (May 1912) 701-712</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">History.com Editors. “Clara Barton.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, November 9, 2009. https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/clara-barton. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Jones, Marian Moser. “Race, Class, and Gender Disparities in Clara Barton’s Late Nineteenth-Century Disaster Relief” </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Environment and History </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">17, no. 1 (February 2011) 107- 131</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Scott, Gary. “Clara Barton’s Civil War Apartments” </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Washington History </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">13, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2001) 24-31</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Strickler, Jeff. “Clara Barton Angel of the Battlefield” </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Nursing </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">(March 2018) 43-45.</span></p>
<br /><br /><strong>Further Reading:</strong><br /><p><span style="font-weight:400;">Caldwell, Shirley W. “‘God Help Them All and so Must We’: Clara Barton, Reverend John Brown, and Drought Relief Efforts, 1886-1887” </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Southwestern Historical Quarterly </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">106, no. 4 (April 2003) 507-530</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Henle, Ellen Langenheim. “Clara Barton, Soldier or Pacifist? </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Civil War History</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 24, no. 2 (June 1978) 152-160</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Margaret, Downing Brent. “The Centenary if Clara Barton and Recent Biographical Sketches of her Life and Achievements” </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Records of the Columbia Historical Society</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 26 (1924) 121-128</span></p>
<span style="font-weight:400;">Stewart, Jane A. “The Centennial of Clara Barton” </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Journal of Education</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;"> 94, no. 24 (December 29, 1921) 662</span>
Kaitlin Whalen
Red Cross & Library of Congress
1904 - Photograph, 1918 - Poster
<strong>Learn More about Clara Barton</strong><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.redcross.org/museum/history/claraBarton.asp"><strong>Clara Barton—American Red Cross</strong></a><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/bart-cla.htm"><strong>Clara Barton—Women in History</strong></a><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.incwell.com/Biographies/Barton.html"><strong>Clara Barton—Spectrum: Biographies Written for Students</strong></a><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.greatwomen.org/women-of-the-hall/search-the-hall/details/2/16-Barton"><strong>Clara Barton—National Women’s Hall of Fame</strong></a><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/7648"><strong>Profiles in Citizenship: Remembering Clara Barton—Hoover Institution, Stanford University</strong></a><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.civilwarmed.org/clara-barton-missing-soldiers-office/"><strong>Clara Barton’s Missing Soldier’s Office—National Museum of Civil War Medicine</strong></a><br /> <br /><a href="http://www.asrn.org/journal-chronicle-nursing/267-things-you-may-not-know-about-clara-barton.html"><strong>Things You May Not Know about Clara Barton—Chronicle of Nursing</strong></a>
Clara Barton, American Red Cross, Civil War, Red Cross, Women, Geneva Conventions
Historic
1862- Dorothea Dix, Appointed Superintendent of Army Nurses
<h4><a href="https://vmps.omeka.net/exhibits/show/women-in-public-service-galler/women-in-public-service-galler">Return to Women in the Public Service</a></h4>
A noted social reformer, Dix became the Union's Superintendent of Female Nurses during the Civil War. The soft spoken yet autocratic crusader had spent more than 20 years working for improved treatment of mentally ill patients and for better prison conditions. A week after the attack on Fort Sumter, Dix, at age 59, volunteered her services to the Union and received the appointment in June 1861 placing her in charge of all women nurses working in army hospitals. Serving in that position without pay through the entire war, Dix quickly molded her vaguely defined duties.
She convinced skeptical military officials, unaccustomed to female nurses, that women could perform the work acceptably, and then recruited women. Battling the prevailing stereo types-and accepting many of the common prejudices herself-Dix sought to ensure that her ranks not be inundated with flighty and marriage-minded young women by only accepting applicants who were plain looking and older than 30. In addition, Dix authorized a dress code of modest black or brown skirts and forbade hoops or jewelry.
Even with these strict and arbitrary requirements, relaxed somewhat as the war persisted, a total of over 3,000 women served as Union army nurses. Called "Dragon Dix" by some, the superintendent was stern and brusque, clashing frequently with the military bureaucracy and occasionally ignoring administrative details. Yet, army nursing care was markedly improved under her leadership. Dix looked after the welfare of both the nurses, who labored in an often brutal environment, and the soldiers to whom they ministered, obtaining medical supplies from private sources when they were not forthcoming from the government. At the war's conclusion, Dix returned to her work on behalf of the mentally ill.
Unknown
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dix-Dorothea-LOC.jpg
Library of Congress
Unknown
Library of Congress
Source: Dorothea Dix Biography. (n.d.). The American Civil War Home Page. Retrieved October 12, 2012, from <a href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/dixbio.htm">http://www.civilwarhome.com/dixbio.htm</a>
Link: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dix-Dorothea-LOC.jpg">Dorothea Dix</a>
Medium: Photograph
English
Figures
Dorothea Dix, Superintendent, Nursing, Civil War, Women, Military
Historic
Barnas Sears
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<p><strong><em>"Let us think of education as the means of developing our greatest abilities, because in each of us there is a private hope and dream which, fulfilled, can be translated into benefit for everyone and greater strength of the nation."</em></strong></p>
<p><em>President John F. Kennedy</em></p>
A black and white photograph of Barnas Sears, an educator and agent from the Peabody Education Fund.<br /> <br />After the Civil War, much of the South was largely damaged, and there was a need for education to try and restore it now America was whole again. The Peabody Education Fund did so by sending out the most intelligent teachers in the most devastated parts of the South, and one of them was Barnas Sears. As General Agent of the Fund, he promoted free schools and helped educate those who needed it. With his guidance, education was restored in the South, along with new ideas on how to keep improving it. He came up with the idea for adequate taxation when it came to schools, and also promoted education for African-Americans.
Unknown
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barnas_Sears_5th_President_of_Brown.jpg/800px-Barnas_Sears_5th_President_of_Brown.jpg
Brown University
Before 1880
Brown University
(Source: Barnas Sears. (2012, March 2). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:14, October 12, 2012, from <a href="http://bit.ly/QWcaX4">http://bit.ly/QWcaX4</a>)
Link: <a href="https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/president/people/past-presidents/barnas-sears-1855-1867">http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/University_Library/exhibits/education/images/sears.jpg</a>
Medium: Photograph.
English
Figures
Barnas Sears, Peabody Education Fund, South, Civil War, American South, Schools
Historic
A Westerly View of the Colleges in Cambridge New England
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An engraving of Harvard College.
Harvard University was the first college in the U.S., and was also the first to be used as a corporation. It was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard, and was originally a very religious institution. After the American Civil War, it began to branch out into a research university, and opened itself up to student self-direction. This scope continued to expand into the 20th century, and more institutions were necessary for the ever-growing population of students. This included graduate schools, an undergraduate program, and the creation of the sister school, Radcliffe College.
Paul Reverse Sr.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg
Yale University Art Gallery
1767
Yale University Art Gallery
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg">Wikipedia</a>
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/89707232/">Library of Congress</a>
Medium: Wood Engraving
English
Drawing
Harvard, Harvard University, Schools, Colleges, Civil War, New England
Massachusetts
Record of Rights - Children Freed By the Union Army 1863
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<p>The picture of propriety, two children emancipated by the Union Army in 1863 stare somberly from this cartes-de-visite—an inexpensively reproduced photograph popular during the Civil War. Proceeds from the sale of this image of Isaac and Rosa helped establish schools for free black children. This is included in an online exhibit produced by the National Archives explore records of the National Archives documenting the ongoing struggle of Americans to define, attain, and protect their rights. The exhibit has 6 categories, as follows:</p>
<ul><li>Equal Rights</li>
<li>Rights to Freedom and Justice</li>
<li>Rights to Privacy and Sexuality</li>
<li>Work Place Rights</li>
<li>First Amendment Rights</li>
<li>Rights of Native Americans</li>
</ul>
National Archives
http://recordsofrights.org/assets/record/000/000/718/718_detail.jpg
National Archives
1863
National Archives
Children Freed By the Union Army 1863. <br /><br />Source: <a href="http://recordsofrights.org/records/266/children-freed-by-the-union-army">National Archives</a>, Records of the U.S. Information Agency.
See also: Source: <a href="http://recordsofrights.org/">US National Archives</a>
Medium: Composite Photograph
English
Photo
Union Army, Civil War, Isaac and Rosa, National Archives, Native Americans, African-Americans, Schools
United States
U.S. Taxation, Public Tax Worker Circa 1936-1938
<h4><a href="https://vmps.omeka.net/exhibits/show/financing-common-purposes-gall/financing-common-purposes-gall">Return to Financing our Common Purposes</a></h4>
Throughout history, every organized society had some form of government. In free societies, the goals of government have been to protect individual freedoms and to promote the well-being of society as a whole. <br /><br />To meet their expenses, government needs income, called "revenue," which it raises through taxes. In our country, governments levy several different types of taxes on individuals and businesses. The Federal Government relies mainly on income taxes for its revenue. State governments depend on both income and sales taxes. Most county and city governments use property taxes to raise their revenue. <br /><br />The origin of income tax on individuals is generally cited as the passage of the 16th Amendment, passed by Congress on July 2, 1909, and ratified February 3, 1913; however, its history actually goes back even further. During the Civil War Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1861 which included a tax on personal incomes to help pay war expenses. The tax was repealed ten years later. However, in 1894 Congress enacted a flat rate Federal income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional the following year by the U.S. Supreme Court because it was a direct tax not apportioned according to the population of each state. The 16th amendment, ratified in 1913, removed this objection by allowing the Federal government to tax the income of individuals without regard to the population of each State. For additional information on taxation in the United States, see the section on taxes on the web site of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The Rich Must be Regulated - 1894. First photo: Print shows a democratic approach to the mingling of social classes with vignettes showing the rich buying their clothes from "honest merchants" regardless how poorly they will fit, eating at "plain oyster-houses, like the masses", riding in crude horse-drawn wagons, rather than fine carriages and coaches, spending time at local "social organizations of the humble", participating in barn dances, and attending "simple variety shows" where their diamonds will provide as much entertainment for the lower classes as the vaudeville show. <br /><br />Second photo: A Publix Tax Worker EMplyed in Washington D.C.
First photo: Taylor, Charles Jay, 1855-1929.
Second photo: Carl Mydans.
https://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/ppmsca/28700/28782v.jpg, http://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/fsa/8a00000/8a00900/8a00909r.jpg
Library of Congress
First photo: 1894.
Second photo: 1936
Library of Congress
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif;color:#000000;">Sources: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Resource Center – </span><a href="http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Taxes/Pages/economics.aspx"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif;color:#c51b35;">Economics of Taxation</span></b></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif;color:#000000;">Library of Congress, Business Reference Services - </span><a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/hottopic/irs_history.html#print"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif;color:#c51b35;">History of the US Income Tax</span></b></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif;color:#000000;"> Compiled by Ellen Terrell</span></p>
<p></p>
Second photo - Medium: Photograph. Link: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/fsa.8a00909/">Library of Congress</a>.
First photo - Medium: Chromolithograph.
English
Government
United States, Income Tax, Revenue, Civil War, 16th Amendment, Public Tax Worker
United States