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Title
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<h3><strong>Environmental Protection (C-1)</strong></h3>
Description
An account of the resource
<strong><em>"When the well's dry, we know the worth of water."</em> </strong><br /> <br />- Benjamin Franklin, (1706-1790), Poor Richard's Almanac. <br /> <br />Public service employees and volunteers serve on the front lines in efforts to protect the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for protecting human health and the environment. The Agency is accountable for environmental protection as it relates to various aspects of the national environment, such as: air pollution, chemicals and toxins, climate change, promoting greener living, pesticides, waste management, and water safety. Public service employees and volunteers working toward the protection of human health and the environment include administrators, biologists, conservationists, ecologists and other natural scientists. Government officials are working in the political arena to legislate environmental protection policy. Many committed individuals are donating time and effort as volunteers, to local conservation causes, toward safeguarding the future wellbeing of life on earth.<br /> <br />Environmental protection is an international issue. Cooperation is necessary from each country, and their organizations in every sector, which all have a vested interest in safeguarding the planet. In the international arena, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was established in 1972, mandated to <em>"be the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, that promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimensions of sustainable development within the United Nations system and that serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment."</em> UNEP has offices in each world region and its priorities include assisting countries, in particular developing countries in managing responses to climate change, as well as the holistic management of the ecosystem.<br /> <br />We all have a role to play in influencing the decision-making processes, so as to ensure that adequate legal and institutional measures are put in place to support environmental protection and sustainability. Without ample legislation we run the risk of reversing our hard earned development accomplishments.
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Dublin Core
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French-American ornithologist, naturalist & painter
Description
An account of the resource
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">John James Audubon was an influential naturalist and artist of the 18th century. In particular, Audubon was responsible for transforming the field of ornithology, or the scientific study of birds. By changing the ways in which birds were artistically depicted in scientific texts, and by making it customary to include detailed descriptions of the lives and habits of these birds alongside their renderings, Audubon brought art and science together in novel ways. His contributions to nature documentation led later naturalists to found the Audubon Society of conservation in his name. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Audubon was born in 1785 to a French captain and sugar plantation owner in Saint Domingue (modern day Haiti). However, as slave uprisings were becoming more common in Saint Domingue around this time, Audubon was sent as a young boy to live with his stepmother in Nantes, France. During his time in France, Audubon became accustomed to long walks to and from his school. It was these walks on which Audubon began to take a closer look at the nature around him, developing a passion for spontaneous birdwatching. He would later explain that: “none but the aerial companions suited my fancy...my father...pointed out [their] elegant movements...the beauty and softness of their plumage...the departure and return of birds with the seasons...and, more wonderful than all their change of livery.” </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">By his eighteen birthday, war had broken out between France and England. To avoid his son’s conscription into Napoleon’s army, Audubon's father sent him abroad to America. (Audubon 2021). It was here that Audubon would be put in charge of his father’s mining operation in Mill Grove, Pennsylvania. Around the same time, Audubon came across a book of birds in his father’s library. Captivated by the book, Audubon quickly developed a strong desire to compile his own collection of birds. (Olson 2012, 443). After a series of business failures had occurred under his watch, and led him to be briefly jailed for bankruptcy, he decided to focus exclusively on this artwork project (Audubon 2021). In the 1820’s, Audubon began to compile his collection of America’s birds. It was this particular work that would catapult Audubon’s career as a critically-acclaimed contributor to the field of natural history and ornithology. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">With the book still in progress, Audubon sailed to Britain to find a printer to reproduce his work. It was here that he met fellow ornithologist William MacGillivray, who would help Audubon write ornithological biographies for his work (Audubon 2021).These ornithological biographies went into detail about the bird’s features, behaviors, and lives, and also included highlights of the adventures that Audubon went on to find the birds. (Biography 2021) This level of detail was unique in the field at this time. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The publication of </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Birds of America</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, is considered to mark a major historical transformation in the field of ornithology. Historians have stated that, with this collection of paintings, Audubon sought to transform natural history illustrations into genuine art pieces. He was able to create more artistic representations of birds by “adopting a different course of representation from the mere profile-like cut figures given usually in works of that kind.” He moved from the typically cookie-cutter-like profiles, to much more naturalistic and realistic portraits. Moreover, the British Natural History Museum has noted that Audubon’s depictions were unique in that they depicted birds among their natural environment. After the publication of </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Birds of America</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">, Audubon would go on to create other important works, including </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;"> Ornithological Biography, A Synopsis of the Birds of America, </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">and </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">Later important naturalists and biologists, such as Charles Darwin, would be greatly inspired by these works. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">John James Audubon, despite his contributions to art and naturalism, has a very complicated personal history that is difficult to ignore. Audubon was a racist individual, who was involved in the Atlantic slave trade, and who expressed critical feelings towards emancipation. Furthermore, he was posthumously accused of academic plagiarism and fraud. (Audubon 2021) Despite these troubling facts, his published works have contributed in important ways to the fields of art and natural history. His admiration of nature and birds was passed along to many in his generation, at a moment when our natural world was coming under increasingly harmful encroachment by humans and corporations. His works today remind us that we have a duty to protect the beauty of our natural environment for generations to come. <br /><br /></span><strong>Sources: <br /></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Audubon, John James. </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">American Scoter Duck</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. n.d.. Painting. </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Audubon</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. Audubon. </span><span style="font-weight:400;">https://www.audubon.org/birds-of-america/american-scoter-duck. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Biography.com Editors. “John James Audubon.” Biography.com. A&E Networks Television, March 29, 2021. https://www.biography.com/scientist/john-james-audubon. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Herrick, Francis H. "Audubon's Bibliography." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Auk </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">36, no. 3 (1919): 372-80. Accessed June 17, 2021. doi:10.2307/4073107. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">McEniery, E. (n.d.). </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Birds of American Animals</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. Validation request. </span><span style="font-weight:400;">https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-birds-of-american-animals.html. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">N/A. (2021, April 29). </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">John James Audubon</span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">. Audubon. https://www.audubon.org/content/john-james-audubon. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Olson, Roberta J. M. "The "Early Birds" of John James Audubon." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Master Drawings </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">50, no. 4 (2012): 439-94. Accessed June 15, 2021. </span><span style="font-weight:400;">http://www.jstor.org/stable/41703397</span><span style="font-weight:400;">. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Partridge, Linda Dugan. "By the Book: Audubon and the Tradition of Ornithological Illustration." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">Huntington Library Quarterly </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">59, no. 2/3 (1996): 269-301. Accessed June 18, 2021. doi:10.2307/3817669.</span></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<br /><br /><strong>Further Reading:<br /></strong>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">SAVAGE, HENRY LYTTLETON. "John James Audubon: A Backwoodsman in the Salon." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Princeton</span></i> <i><span style="font-weight:400;">University Library Chronicle </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">5, no. 4 (1944): 129-36. Accessed June 21, 2021. doi:10.2307/26400860.</span><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">"John James Audubon, the Naturalist." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Illustrated Magazine of Art </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">3, no. 17 (1854): 305-07. Accessed June 21,</span> <span style="font-weight:400;">2021. </span><span style="font-weight:400;">http://www.jstor.org/stable/20538300</span><span style="font-weight:400;">.</span><span style="font-weight:400;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Allen, Josephine L. "John James Audubon 1785-1851." </span><i><span style="font-weight:400;">The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin </span></i><span style="font-weight:400;">36, no. 9 (1941):</span> <span style="font-weight:400;">178-79. Accessed June 21, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3256435.<br /><br />For further exploration please visit National Gallery of Art: <a href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.122.html">http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/tbio?person=75</a><br /></span></p>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gabriel Moran
Title
A name given to the resource
John James Audubon
Animals
Birds
Evolution
Habitats
John James Audubon
Natural History
Ornithology
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https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/46466/archive/files/073bcb96b1fd9072ed19b2fb878eb14c.jpg?Expires=1712793600&Signature=lHzkCsxknof9FAcw8qid9B9rcSg%7EmYbqzsu76IGktGBmUzc2ld1PaxdNuyraNPhrXn%7EtIMXqccOfpndimx-KaaaBEDFoz%7EScaswGj8weLaALgVO6L84K4YUWG-WAPmVRIkzB66POD8KSccWDraDGg5RolL5hZ5TPRWpgHBsDCxUWCavi-oWGjAIMJAg6OU2iHlMUsTHS6IGSlRvTHTH3NKfUa7xsBTGWnTvYmYdwpXBtvXC2HaRqhUzNcZSdrFFB2YBwCG4apQ5wniVfeQCc8R1%7EvY-3VRPgltr0nCZ45-lBhJOI-WX%7EYj6kc-bboLVUEOT47%7ESqB1edpr9MtyAogA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
907dd2b6e2b9b68cd7ad447417883f23
Dublin Core
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Title
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<h3><strong>The Straus Family: A History of Public Service and Philanthropy (G-2)</strong></h3>
Description
An account of the resource
Beginning in the 19th Century and continuing into the 20th, members of the Straus Family have served in governmental positions at the federal and local levels. More particularly, family members have served in the House of Representatives, as Ambassadors, and as Presidential Cabinet Members. By virtue of their positions, as well as a consequence of their acting as advisors and confidants to a number of American Presidents, family members have been actively involved in the formulation of American public policy for well over 100 years.<br /> <br />Furthermore, in the context of American finance and commerce, family members were the owners of Macy's for nearly 100 years. In addition to their participation in the commercial development of the City of New York and America in general, family members have been in a position to assist others less fortunate throughout this period of time. Members of the family have served on the boards of innumerable philanthropic organizations. As a consequence of the family's involvement in this broad spectrum of American life, the family exemplifies and brings to life the true American story and its spirit.<br /> <br />Thus, it is not so much the story of one family that is sought to be told, but rather the American experience as seen through and lived by a family during this period of growth of America.<br /> <br />Source: <a href="http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/"><strong>www.straushistoricalsociety.org</strong></a>
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Sarah Lavanburg Straus: African Expedition
Subject
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<h4><a href="https://vmps.omeka.net/exhibits/show/straus-family/straus-family">Return to The Straus Family: A History of Public Service and Philanthropy</a></h4>
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Sarah Lavanburg Straus (1861-1945), widow of Oscar S. Straus, went to Africa in 1929 at the age of 68 on a group bird collection expedition for the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Some of the territory traveled through was so remote that they had to build their own roads and trestle bridges along the way. Sarah, and her grandson Edward Schafer, accompanied ornithologist Rudyerd Boulton and his ethnomusicologist wife Laura on a four month, 15,000 mile, adventure through Uganda, Kenya and Nyasaland (now Malawi). They collected 900 bird specimens, some of them never before documented. Then, in 1935, at the age of 74, Sarah returned to Africa on a second expedition, this time for the Field Museum of Chicago.</p>
<p>After her second African adventure, Sarah reported with a chuckle, “We got lost in the Sahara on our way back to Dakar after the expedition and it was days before we could find our bearings again. We had planned our return trip so that we’d be back before the stormy weather but our calculations went wrong and we ran into a series of sandstorms that buried our station wagon. There was nothing we could do but sleep on the hard sand in blankets and dig our way out in the morning. None of us were strong enough to dig out the car, and, besides, we didn’t have any shovels. Luckily, another party of hunters came along and got us out of our predicament after the storm had passed.”</p>
<p>The 1935 expedition collected 700 small mammals, 300 phonograph recordings of native African music, 1000 still pictures, 15,000 feet of motion pictures and 700 varieties of birds. These specimens are used for study and remain accessible, even today, to scientists from all over the world.</p>
<p>Boulton named a small African warbler with a chestnut throat for Sarah Straus: <em>apalis chapini strausae</em>. This warbler species lives at 5,600 to 8,000 feet above sea level. It is a small insect eating bird with blackish feathers and a chestnut colored throat.</p>
<a href="http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/uploads/1/1/8/1/11810298/_______nwsltr204.pdf"><strong></strong></a>
Date
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1929
Rights
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Sarah Lavanburg Straus: African Expedition <br /><br />Source: <a href="http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org">The Straus Historical Society</a><br /><br />See also: <a href="https://lbry-web-007.amnh.org/digital/index.php/items/show/47978">American Museum of Natural History</a>
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Medium: Photograph
Identifier
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Sarah Lavanburg Straus, Straus Family, Africa, Mammals, Music, Birds
Creator
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Boulton, R.
Source
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https://lbry-web-007.amnh.org/digital/files/original/28315fb7e80e7754eba784be4434c765.jpg
Relation
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<p>Links:</p>
<p>“The Straus African Expedition of 1929” Straus Historical Society Newsletter Vol. 5 No. 2 (New York: February 2004); pp. 8-9.</p>
<a href="http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/uploads/1/1/8/1/11810298/_______nwsltr204.pdf"><strong>http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/uploads/1/1/8/1/11810298/_______nwsltr204.pdf</strong></a>
Publisher
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American Museum of Natural History Research Library
Contributor
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American Museum of Natural History Research Library
Language
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English
Type
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Figures
Coverage
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Historic
Africa
Birds
Mammals
Music
Sarah Lavanburg Straus
Straus Family